The Simple Engineering That Will Keep NYC's L Train Rolling
Ever since the last of the brackish water slithered out of the Canarsie Tunnel in the aftermath of 2012's Superstorm Sandy, New Yorkers have been bracing for the pain. Public transit officials have long been warned that the water damage to the 94-year-old tunnel, full of just as old subway equipment, would eventually require a long, painful, deeply inconvenient rehabilitation. That's the tunnel that runs under the East River, carrying many of the L subway's 400,000 daily riders from popular Brooklyn neighborhoods like Williamsburg and Bushwick into Manhattan.
New Yorkers across Manhattan and into Brooklyn were scheduled to shut down for a 15-month repair job. What they officially deemed the "L-pocalypse," local officials created piles of plans to ramp up bus service, encourage biking, and run new ferry routes, and everything else they could think of to keep all those commuters from taking to cars and making already bad traffic fully catastrophic.
Those plans (as well as wilder ones proposed by concerned citizens) became a lot less necessary Thursday morning, when Governor Andrew Cuomo called a surprise press conference to proclaim that no, the L train won The close plan, and yes, it will still be fixed for the future.
The new plan for the next few years is to keep the train open and running as normal during weekdays, whilst doing repairs on nights and weekends (the details remain fuzzy). The board of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which runs the subway, has yet to adopt the new plan, which was proposed by a commission of half a dozen engineers based at Columbia and Cornell Universities that assembled Cuomo last month, two years after the decision was made to close the line. But the agency puts out a press release Thursday afternoon saying "accepted the recommendations." Curious politics are clearly at work here, but New Yorkers are unlikely to care as long as the subway keeps running. And if it does, it'll be thanks to two bits of subway engineering infrastructure: benchwalls and cable racking.
Let's start with benchwalls. If the train stopped in the tunnel and you had to get out, these were the stretches of concrete, running along each wall and resembling big benches, that you'd be walking on. Facilitating emergency exits is one of their main functions ̵[ads1]1; without them, you have to jump out of the train, onto the ground and risk hitting the third rail. Benchwalls also hold most of the goodies that make the subway work, including the power and communications cables. When workers were building the line, which started service in 1924, putting the cables into concrete was the way to protect them from hunger rats and water damage.
Over the past century, those benchwalls have started to deteriorate, a process accelerated by the flooding from Hurricane Sandy. Explaining its full shutdown plan in 2016, the MTA said the tunnel's bench walls "must be replaced by the structural integrity of the two tubes [east and west] that carry trains through the tunnel."
removing the rubble, replacing the cabling inside, setting new concrete, and having it dry. It's work you can do overnight or on weekends, because any one section takes several days. And you can run trains without leaving a walk to lead people to safety in an emergency.
The new plan involves giving those benchwalls a bit of a demotion. They'll still be used for emergency egress, but they won't hold the cables anymore. Instead, the L train will use a "cable racking" system, in which new power and comms lines will be strung up and attached to the sides of the tunnel, above the benchwalls. Turns out, their protective jacketing has advanced since the Prohibition Era. "We've had tremendous progress in materials," says Peter Kinget, a Cornell electrical engineer who served on the panel. If the jacketing catches fire, it doesn't produce any fumes. It's impervious to H and 2 O, obviating the need for the concrete armor. The workers will also shore up the sections of benchwall that are crumbling with fiber reinforced polymer, Cuomo says, leaving the old inactive cables inside.
That decoupling of the benchwall is a big deal, because it makes the work much easier to execute. You can cut back service at night and on weekends (by running trains in just one of the tunnel's twin tubes) and have workers slip underground, setting up the racks and new cables segment by segment. During normal hours, the train operates as it usually does, pulling power from the cables already in the benchwalls. Once the work is done, the MTA will switch over to the new set of cords.
Cable racking has been used for new metro lines in London, Hong Kong, and the Saudi capital of Riyadh, Cuomo says. This would be its first use in the US, and the first time it was used to fix up an existing line.
"It's a clever solution," says Matt Cunningham, a civil engineer and global director of infrastructure for Canadian engineering firm. IBI. It's cheaper and easier than replacing all the cable-filled benchwalls, and it's a proven method. "It's going to work."
Which brings up the unanswered question of why this idea is just surfacing now. Why not before the MTA decided on the full shutdown, then spent two years preparing for it? It makes Cuomo the politician who averted the traffic-spewing L-pocalypse — but it also makes one wonder why she didn't come to the rescue earlier. (He's been governor of New York since 2011.) In his press conference, he presented this as new solution, which is true if you compare it to the techniques used to build the subway in the previous century, but not if you take a slightly narrower view. "Cunningham says it is not now available," Cunningham says.
Of course, limiting service during nights and weekends to make this fix will be inflicting some suffering and the MTA has a terrible record of mismanaging this sort of operation , so any promises about deadlines or costs should be doubted. "You're not getting started on five teeth, you're getting a root canal on three teeth," says Allan Rutter, or Texas A & M's Transportation Institute. “There is going to be pain.”
An infrastructure as well as a dental surgery, you've got to accept some drilling and discomfort. But less is definitely more.
