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Exclusive: Behind EU lawmakers’ challenge to rein in ChatGPT and generative AI




LONDON/STOCKHOLM, April 28 (Reuters) – As recently as February, generative artificial intelligence did not feature prominently in EU lawmakers’ plans to regulate artificial intelligence technologies such as ChatGPT.

The bloc̵[ads1]7;s 108-page proposal for the AI ​​Act, published two years earlier, included only one mention of the word “chatbot”. References to AI-generated content largely referred to deepfakes: images or sound created to imitate humans.

By mid-April, however, members of the European Parliament (MEPs) were scrambling to update those rules to catch up with an explosion of interest in generative AI, which has provoked awe and anxiety since OpenAI unveiled ChatGPT six months ago.

That wrangling culminated Thursday in a new draft of the legislation that identified copyright protections as a core part of the effort to keep AI in check.

Interviews with four lawmakers and two other sources close to the discussions reveal for the first time how, in just 11 days, this small group of politicians hammered out what could become landmark legislation, reshaping the regulatory landscape for OpenAI and its competitors.

The bill is not final, and advocates say it will likely take years to take effect.

However, the speed of their work is also a rare example of consensus in Brussels, which is often criticized for the slow pace of decision-making.

LAST MINUTE CHANGES

Since launching in November, ChatGPT has become the fastest-growing app in history, sparking a flurry of activity from Big Tech competitors and investment in generative AI startups like Anthropic and Midjourney.

The runaway popularity of such applications led EU industry chief Thierry Breton and others to call for regulation of ChatGPT-like services.

An organization backed by Elon Musk, the billionaire CEO of Tesla Inc ( TSLA.O ) and Twitter, took it up a notch by issuing a letter warning of existential risks from AI and calling for tighter regulations.

On April 17, the dozen MEPs involved in drafting the legislation signed an open letter agreeing with parts of Musk’s letter and urging world leaders to hold a summit to find ways to control the development of advanced AI.

However, on the same day, two of them – Dragos Tudorache and Brando Benifei – proposed changes that would force companies with generative AI systems to disclose copyrighted material used to train their models, according to four sources present at the meetings, who requested anonymity because . for the sensitivity of the discussions.

The tough new proposal had bipartisan support, the sources said.

A proposal by conservative MEP Axel Voss – forcing companies to ask permission from rights holders before using the data – was rejected as too restrictive and something that could hinder the emerging industry.

After hammering out the details over the next week, the EU outlined proposed laws that could force a notoriously secretive industry into an uncomfortable level of transparency.

“I have to admit that I was pleasantly surprised at how we converged quite simply on what should be in the text on these models,” Tudorache told Reuters on Friday.

“It shows that there is a strong consensus and a shared understanding of how to regulate at this time.”

The committee will vote on the agreement on 11 May, and if successful, it will move on to the next negotiation phase, the trilogue, where EU member states will discuss its content with the European Commission and Parliament.

“We’re waiting to see if the deal holds until then,” said a source familiar with the matter.

BIG BROTHER VS. THE TERMINATOR

Until recently, MEPs were still not convinced that generative AI deserved any special consideration.

In February, Tudorache told Reuters that generative AI “is not going to be covered” in depth. “That’s another discussion I don’t think we’re going to deal with in this text,” he said.

Citing computer security risks over warnings about human-like intelligence, he said: “I’m more afraid of Big Brother than I am of the Terminator.”

But Tudorache and his colleagues now agree on the need for laws specifically targeting the use of generative AI.

Under new proposals aimed at “foundational models,” companies such as OpenAI, which is backed by Microsoft Corp ( MSFT.O ), would have to disclose all copyrighted material — books, photographs, videos and more — used to train its systems.

Allegations of copyright infringement have dogged AI firms in recent months with Getty Images suing Stable Diffusion for using copyrighted images to train its systems. OpenAI has also faced criticism for refusing to share details about the dataset used to train the software.

“There have been calls from outside and inside parliament for a ban or to classify ChatGPT as high risk,” said MEP Svenja Hahn. “The final compromise is innovation-friendly as it does not classify these models as ‘high risk’, but sets requirements for transparency and quality.”

Reporting by Martin Coulter in London and Supantha Mukhurjee in Stockholm; Editing by Josephine Mason, Kenneth Li and Matthew Lewis

Our standards: Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.



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